Saturday 29 June 2013

Transformer

A transformer is an electrical machine which changes a given alternating emf into larger or smaller alternating emf.
Transformer is one of the most useful electrical devices ever invented. It can use for increasing or decreasing the alternating voltage. It is a device which has large number of uses like electricity generation, transmission and distribution. In this chapter we shall discuss some of the basic properties of transformer and designing of transformer.
Principle:
                    It works on the principle of mutual induction between the coils. A changes current in the primary coil induces an emf in secondary coil.
Construction:
                    It consists of two windings primary winding to which source is applied and secondary winding from which stepped up or stepped down alternating voltage is obtained and an iron core over which primary and secondary windings are wound.
Working:
                     An alternating emf is applied to the primary, if the flux in the primary is changing at the rate of flux then this alternating flux links both windings and induces emf E1 and E2. The emf E1 is termed as primary emf and E2 is termed as secondary emf.
                    The emf induced in the primary will be back emf which will oppose the applied voltage if resistance of coil is negligible then back emf is opposite to applied voltage.
V = -E
According to Faradays law
E  = -N (change in flux)
V = - (-N (change in flux))
V =  (N (change in flux))

For primary coil
                                                                         VpNP(change in flux)


For secondary coil
VsNS(change in flux)


From (A) & (B)
 Vp /Vs  = NP/NS
Types of transformer:
Depending upon number of turns transformer is divided in to two types:


Step up transformer:
Such a transformer in which voltage across secondary is greater than primary is called step up transformer.
NS > NP
VS > VP
Step down transformer:
Such a transformer in which voltage across primary is greater than secondary is called step down transformer.
NS < NP
VS < VP


The transformer steps up or steps down but power remains same.
Primary power (Pp) = Secondary power (Ps)
                                                   Vp Ip        =            Vs Is

                                                  Vp / Vs       =            Is / Ip   

Losses in transformer:
Losses that occur in transformer are:
Core losses: Eddy current losses & Hysteresis losses.
Copper losses: Occurs in the winding.

Designing of transformer:
Let us we have to design a transformer of 12V and 3A output.


Vout = 12 V
I out = 3A


Power of transformer = V x A
                                    = 12 x 3 = 36VA
Vin = 240 V
Step 1: Area of bobbin.
Area of bobbin can be calculated by following formula:


Area of bobin = sqrt(VA)/ 5.6
Size =   = 1.07 inch2
Step 2: Number of turns.
Copper windings = 8V per turn


Primary side =  = 30 turns
Secondary side =  = 1.5 turns


Now to decrease losses multiplying turns of both windings by a constant number.


Primary side = 30 x 20 = 600 turns
Secondary side = 1.5 x 20 = 30 turns


Step 3: Currents calculation.


Primary current:
Ip = VA/   Vp 
Ip = 36/240 = 0.15A

Secondary current:
Is =VA/    Vs
Is = 36/ 12 = 3A
Step 4: Calculation of S.W.G (Square wire gauge):
To calculate S.W.G, first of all calculate diameter which is given by following formula:

                          d = sqrt((4*A)/pi)                                                                       
Where A = Area
And area is given by:                                           A = i/ mu


Primary side:
Ap
Secondary side:
As


Ap =
As =


By using above formula:


d =  = 0.276 mm
d =  = 1.23 mm


To convert mm to S.W.G, you can use standard tables, according to given table:
d = 0.276mm     S.W.G = 32 SWG
d = 1.219            S.W.G = 18 SWG
As we have standard wire gauge corresponding to 1.219, so recalculating As, Is.


As = 1.16
Is = 2.91



13 comments:

  1. Transformers are capable of either increasing or decreasing the voltage and current levels of their supply, without modifying its frequency, or the amount of electrical power being transferred from one winding to another via the magnetic circuit.
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  5. Nowadays, almost every application we are involved with requires power to run and a transformer is a device that brings it from the main power station to your industry in a safe and accurate manner. It basically works on the principle of mutual induction and has the ability to supply a large volume of power without changing the frequency. With the increase in demand for high-voltage power in big industries, transformer becomes the necessity of today’s world. Transformer Manufacturers In India

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  6. This imformation is very much informative and useful. Keep posting the updates. Power Transformers in India | Transformer Manufacturer in India

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  7. Nice Post! Good information you shared about how Transformer is important in electric devices to reduce the voltages. Thanks for sharing.

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  8. It was an awesome blog! Thanks for sharing the concept of Transformers and its important in electrical devices. Keep Sharing.

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  9. Great Post! Awesome information you shared about types of transformers and there are losses.Thanks for sharing.

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  10. In step down transformers, which of the two has the mostno. of windings? The primary or secondary?

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